Information on Peptides
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Information on Peptides |
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As we continued our daily research, and our numbers grew, everyone agreed that one subject kept appearing: Peptides. Peptides are chains of free amino acids linked together-usually in two (di-peptide) or three (tri-peptide) combinations-and are the preferred method for the human body to absorb and utilize nitrogen in the muscles because they can be absorbed intact. Originally back in the 1950's and 1960's, it was thought that the human metabolism could use only free form amino acids as a means of getting nitrogen to the bloodstream and muscles. After 22 international protein absorption studies, conducted over about 13 years, scientists finally agree. Peptides are the preferred method of the human metabolism to absorb and utilize amino acids. So, how powerful can peptides be? See for yourself. Here are the facts on peptides. Published scientific research in black and white. And, luckily for us, science doesn't lie.
Did you know that:
Peptides are absorbed up to 234% faster than a comparable free form amino acid mixture or regular whole protein molecules? (1)
Whey peptides promote gastrointestinal health and augment liver function?(2)
Whey peptides can ease pain through opioid activity?(3)
Whey peptides increase absorption and nitrogen retention over 68% better than regular whey?(4)
70% of all nitrogen in the bloodstream is found in peptide form after you've digested protein?(5)
Protein levels are 84%-95% greater with a peptide diet that with an intact protein diet due to action of peptide transport systems in the intestine?(6)
The faster protein is absorbed, the more it stimulates protein synthesis in the body? Protein synthesis is necessary for muscle growth and repair.(7)
Peptides stimulate more Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) release than amino acids? IGF-1 is one of several hormones that stimulate muscle tissue to grow.(8)
Many peptides have biological activity? For example, when the minor whey protein lactoferrin is digested, antibacterial peptides are released.(9) And when lactoglobulin, the major protein fraction found in whey is digested, antihypertensive peptides are released.(10)
Peptides can lower appetite? Milk proteins (casein and whey) contain a powerful peptide called glycomacropeptide. Among its many biological functions, glycomacropeptides stimulate the release of CCK, a hormone that signals the brain you are full.(11)
Milk proteins are the main source of biologically active peptides.(12)
REFERENCES
1. Adibi, S.A. Intestinal Phase of Protein Assimilation in Man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 1976;29:205.
2. Zaloga GP. Physiological effects of peptide based enteral formulas. Nutr Clin Prac., 1990;5:231.
3. Feeney, Whitaker, eds. Protein Tailoring for Medical Uses. Dekker, NY. Ch. 5.
4. Poullain M.G. et al. Effect of whey proteins, their oligopeptide hydrolysates and free amino acid mixtures on growth and nitrogen retention in fed and starved rats. JPEN., 1989;13:382.
5. Zaloga GP. Studies comparing intact protein, peptide and amino acid formulas. In: Uses of Elemental Diets in Clinical Situations. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993, p. 204.
6. Meredith JW et al. Visceral protein levels in trauma patients are greater with peptide diet than with intact protein diet. J Trauma, 1990;30(7):825.
7. Boirie Y et al. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1997;94:14930.
8. Zaloga GP et al. Effect of enteral diets on whole body and gut growth in unstressed rats. JPEN, 1991;15(1):42.
9. Dionysius DA and Milne JM. Antibacterial peptides of bovine lactoferrin: purification and characterization. J Dairy Sci, 1996;80:667.
10. Abubaker A et al. Structural analysis of new antihypertensive peptides derived from cheese whey protein by proteinase K digestion. J Dairy Sci, 1998;81(12):3131.
11. Corring T et al. Release of cholecystokinin in humans after ingestion of glycomacropeptide (GMP). 1997 International Whey Conference, Abstracts of Paper Presentations, Chicago.
12. Schlimme E et al. Bioactive sequences in milk proteins. In: Milk Proteins. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989, p. 143.
13. World Health OrganizationEssential Amino Acid Requirement Adult Reference Patterns, Rome, 1989, Geneva, 1985.
14. Matthews DM. Protein absorption Development and Present State of the Subject. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1991.